However, this method suffers from high costs during the production and dispersion of stabilized lithium metal powder 11. It has been proven to be a simple and direct prelithiation strategy that is suitable for large-scale production 12, 14. Stabilized lithium metal powder has been intensively studied as an additive for prelithiation to react with anode active materials after electrolyte infiltration during battery assembly 12, 13, 14. Prelithiation strategies introduce extra active lithium ions through various lithium sources, and these extra lithium ions contribute to the formation of SEI, eventually resulting in improvement of energy density 11. To date, various prelithiation methods have been developed based on different mechanisms 8, 9, 10. During the past decade, prelithiation has been recognized as an effective way to address the issue of active lithium loss and improve the energy density of next-generation LIBs. Moreover, for the next-generation high-energy-density silicon-based anodes, the lithium loss could more severely impair the energy density due to the increase in the superficial area of formed SEI in nanostructured silicon anodes 8, 9. For example, 5–15% of the capacity of a LIB from the cathode is consumed in these reactions when a commercial graphite anode is used 7. For a LIB, the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode consumes a large amount of lithium ions and results in a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and severe decay of energy density 6. Further enhancement of energy density of LIBs has been a critical and challenging research area in the past decade 4, 5. The roll-to-roll transfer printing provides a high-performance, controllable, scalable and industry-adaptable prelithiation in LIBs.ĭespite intensive study and rapid progress in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the widespread transitions to electric vehicles are being restricted by the limited driving ranges, which are constrained by the energy density of the LIBs 1, 2, 3.
#Anode and cathode in lead acid battery full
The initial Coulombic efficiencies and energy densities in full cells were observed to be significantly improved with the prelithiated electrodes. With the facile transfer-printing prelithiation, high initial Coulombic efficiencies of 99.99% and 99.05% were achieved in graphite and silicon/carbon composite electrode half cells, respectively.
The interface separation and adhesion during transfer printing were related to interfacial shear and compressive stress, respectively.
By roll-to-roll calendering, pre-manufactured anodes could be fully transfer-printed onto electrodeposited lithium metal. Herein we developed a roll-to-roll electrodeposition and transfer-printing system for continuous prelithiation of LIB anodes. A cost-effective prelithiation strategy with high quality and high industrial compatibility is urgently required. All rights reserved.Prelithiation can boost the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This process does not release air/soil pollutants which are usually associated with high temperature pyrotechnic process.Ĭopyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. Also thermal investigation reveals Pb deposited at Ti-cathode is superior to that from TSIA cathode. The insoluble lead oxides accumulated at the central compartment in the ratio 1:3, respectively for the high oxygen over-voltage Ti-anode (Ti-EK cell) and low oxygen over-voltage TSIA-anode (TSIA-EK cell) shows the superiority of Ti anode over TSIA anode. XRD reveals that the sludge is a mixture of (PbO)(4), Pb(2)O(3), PbSO(4), Pb(S(2)O(3)) and Pb(2)(SO(4)) which upon DC voltage application in a EK cell employing either titanium electrodes or titanium substrate insoluble anode as electrodes caused migration of sulphates and lead ions respectively into anode and cathode compartments, and accumulation of insoluble lead oxides at the central compartment. A novel electrokinetic (EK) technique is applied to separate lead and sulphate from the sludge of used/spent lead acid battery.
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